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cuz
2000-06-22 12:22:18 +00:00
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doc/ld65.txt
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
A Linker for ca65 Object modules A Linker for ca65 Object modules
(C) Copyright 1998-1999 Ullrich von Bassewitz (C) Copyright 1998-2000 Ullrich von Bassewitz
(uz@musoftware.de) (uz@musoftware.de)
@@ -32,27 +32,21 @@ Contents
1. Overview 1. Overview
----------- -----------
ld65 is a replacement for the link65 linker that was part of the cc65 C The ld65 linker combines several object modules created by the ca65
compiler suite developed by John R. Dunning. link65 had some problems and assembler, producing an executable file. The object modules may be read
the copyright does not permit some things which I wanted to be possible, from a library created by the ar65 archiver (this is somewhat faster and
so I decided to write a completely new assembler/linker/archiver suite more convenient). The linker was designed to be as flexible as possible.
for the cc65 compiler. ld65 is part of this suite. It complements the features that are built into the ca65 macroassembler:
The ld65 linker combines several object modules, producing an executable
file. The object modules may be read from a library created by the ar65
archiver (this is somewhat faster and more convenient). The linker was
designed to be as flexible as possible. It complements the features that
are built into the ca65 macroassembler:
* Accept any number of segments to form an executable module. * Accept any number of segments to form an executable module.
* Resolve arbitrary expressions stored in the object files. * Resolve arbitrary expressions stored in the object files.
* In case of errors, use the meta information stored in the object * In case of errors, use the meta information stored in the object files
files to produce helpful error messages. In case of undefined to produce helpful error messages. In case of undefined symbols,
symbols, expression range errors, or symbol type mismatches, ld65 is expression range errors, or symbol type mismatches, ld65 is able to
able to tell you the exact location in the source, where the symbol tell you the exact location in the original assembler source, where
was referenced. the symbol was referenced.
* Flexible output. The output of ld65 is highly configurable by a * Flexible output. The output of ld65 is highly configurable by a
config file. More common platforms are supported by builtin config file. More common platforms are supported by builtin
@@ -67,69 +61,122 @@ are built into the ca65 macroassembler:
The linker is called as follows: The linker is called as follows:
Usage: ld65 [options] module ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Options are: Usage: ld65 [options] module ...
-m name Create a map file Short options:
-o name Name the default output file -h Help (this text)
-t type Type of target system -m name Create a map file
-v Verbose mode -o name Name the default output file
-vm Verbose map file -t type Type of target system
-C name Use linker config file -v Verbose mode
-Ln name Create a VICE label file -vm Verbose map file
-Lp Mark write protected segments as such (VICE) -C name Use linker config file
-S addr Set the default start address -Ln name Create a VICE label file
-V Print linker version -Lp Mark write protected segments as such (VICE)
-S addr Set the default start address
-V Print the linker version
The -m switch (which needs an argument that will used as a filename for Long options:
the generated map file) will cause the linker to generate a map file. The --help Help (this text)
map file does contain a detailed overview over the modules used, the --version Print the linker version
sizes for the different segments, and a table containing exported ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
symbols.
The -o switch is used to give the name of the default output file.
Depending on your output configuration, this name may NOT be used as name
for the output file. However, for the builtin configurations, this name
is used for the output file name.
The argument for the -t switch is the name of the target system. Since -h
this switch will activate a builtin configuration, it may not be used --help
together with the -C option.
The following target systems are defined (* = currently unsupported):
none Print the short option summary shown above.
atari
c64
c128
ace
plus4
cbm610
pet
nes
apple2
See section 4.3 for more information about the builtin configurations.
Using the -v option, you may enable more output that may help you to -m name
locate problems. If an undefined symbol is encountered, -v causes the
linker to print a detailed list of the references (that is, source file
and line) for this symbol.
-C gives the name of an output config file to use. See section 4 for more This option (which needs an argument that will used as a filename for
information about config files. -C may not be used together with -t. the generated map file) will cause the linker to generate a map file.
The map file does contain a detailed overview over the modules used, the
sizes for the different segments, and a table containing exported
symbols.
-L allows you to create a file that contains all global labels and may be
loaded into VICE emulator using the pb (playback) command. You may use
this to debug your code with VICE. Note: The label feature is very new in
VICE and has some bugs. If you have problems, please get the latest VICE
version.
Using -S you may define the default starting address. If and how this -o name
address is used depends on the config file in use. For the builtin
configurations, only the "none" system honors an explicit start address,
all other builtin config provide their own.
-V prints the version number of the linker. If you send any suggestions or The -o switch is used to give the name of the default output file.
bugfixes, please include this number. Depending on your output configuration, this name may NOT be used as
name for the output file. However, for the builtin configurations, this
name is used for the output file name.
-t target
The argument for the -t switch is the name of the target system. Since
this switch will activate a builtin configuration, it may not be used
together with the -C option. The following target systems are currently
supported:
none
atari
c64
c128
plus4
cbm610
pet
apple2
geos
There are a few more targets defined but neither of them is actually
supported. See section 4.3 for more information about the builtin
configurations.
-v
--verbose
Using the -v option, you may enable more output that may help you to
locate problems. If an undefined symbol is encountered, -v causes the
linker to print a detailed list of the references (that is, source file
and line) for this symbol.
-vm
Must be used in conjunction with -m (generate map file). Normally the
map file will not include empty segments and sections, or unreferenced
symbols. Using this option, you can force the linker to include all
this information into the map file.
-C
This gives the name of an output config file to use. See section 4 for
more information about config files. -C may not be used together with
-t.
-Ln
This option allows you to create a file that contains all global labels
and may be loaded into VICE emulator using the pb (playback) command.
You may use this to debug your code with VICE. Note: The label feature
is very new in VICE and has some bugs. If you have problems, please get
the latest VICE version.
-Lp
Deprecated option.
-S addr
Using -S you may define the default starting address. If and how this
address is used depends on the config file in use. For the builtin
configurations, only the "none" system honors an explicit start address,
all other builtin config provide their own.
-V
--version
This option print the version number of the linker. If you send any
suggestions or bugfixes, please include this number.
If one of the modules is not found in the current directory, and the If one of the modules is not found in the current directory, and the
@@ -527,7 +574,18 @@ none:
} }
atari: atari:
(non-existent) MEMORY {
HEADER: start = $0000, size = $6, file = %O;
RAM: start = $1F00, size = $6100, file = %O;
}
SEGMENTS {
EXEHDR: load = HEADER, type = wprot;
CODE: load = RAM, type = wprot, define = yes;
RODATA: load = RAM, type = wprot;
DATA: load = RAM, type = rw;
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
AUTOSTRT: load = RAM, type = wprot;
}
c64: c64:
MEMORY { MEMORY {
@@ -587,19 +645,6 @@ pet:
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes; BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
} }
nes:
MEMORY {
RAM: start = $0200, size = $0600, file = "";
ROM: start = $8000, size = $8000, file = %O;
}
SEGMENTS {
CODE: load = ROM, type = ro;
RODATA: load = ROM, type = ro;
DATA: load = ROM, run = RAM, type = rw, define = yes;
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
VECTORS: load = ROM, type = ro, start = $FFFA;
}
apple2: apple2:
MEMORY { MEMORY {
RAM: start = $800, size = $8E00, file = %O; RAM: start = $800, size = $8E00, file = %O;
@@ -611,6 +656,19 @@ apple2:
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes; BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
} }
geos:
MEMORY {
HEADER: start = $204, size = 508, file = %O;
RAM: start = $400, size = $7C00, file = %O;
}
SEGMENTS {
HEADER: load = HEADER, type = ro;
CODE: load = RAM, type = ro;
RODATA: load = RAM, type = ro;
DATA: load = RAM, type = rw;
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
}
The "start" attribute for the RAM memory area of the CBM systems is two The "start" attribute for the RAM memory area of the CBM systems is two
less than the actual start of the basic RAM to account for the two bytes less than the actual start of the basic RAM to account for the two bytes
load address that is needed on disk and supplied by the startup code. load address that is needed on disk and supplied by the startup code.
@@ -629,9 +687,9 @@ Feel free to contact me by email (uz@musoftware.de).
6. Copyright 6. Copyright
------------ ------------
ld65 (and all cc65 binutils) are (C) Copyright 1998 Ullrich von Bassewitz. ld65 (and all cc65 binutils) are (C) Copyright 1998-2000 Ullrich von
For usage of the binaries and/or sources the following conditions do Bassewitz. For usage of the binaries and/or sources the following
apply: conditions do apply:
This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages